Property

“With a verbal agreement you have nothing but air.” (Author and entrepreneur Robert Ringer)

2026 opens with positive signals for our property market after last year’s encouraging GDP forecasts, a credit-rating upgrade, and a series of interest rate cuts boosting access to bond finance.

All the signs point to a promising year for buyers, sellers, and homeowners. But a recent Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) judgment is a sharp reminder that getting the legalities wrong, and in particular trying to rely on verbal promises, could mean a very rocky start to your new year. It’s also a reminder that while co-ownership can be a practical way to access and share property, it must be properly structured. When relationships sour, the fallout – as this case aptly shows – can be severe.

One husband discovered all that the hard way, so let’s learn from his mistakes.

“You can’t evict me, I own half the house!”

The central feature of this unhappy tale is unfortunately an all too common one – a personal relationship gone horribly wrong.

A couple married in 2009 and jointly bought a house in 2015. When the husband hit financial trouble in 2017, and creditors threatened to attach his half share, the couple agreed that the wife would buy him out for R1.2 million. A written Deed of Sale was signed, the transfer went through, and she became the registered sole owner. Unsurprisingly, given the purpose of the sale and transfer, she never actually paid him the R1.2 million purchase price.

When the marriage hit the rocks in 2019, she moved out and he stayed on. They divorced but he refused to vacate, arguing that the Deed of Transfer did not reflect their “true intention”. This, he claimed, was for him to remain a co-owner “until it was less risky”, after which she would give him back his half share.

The dispute landed in the SCA, where the ex-wife insisted that the intention was always that the property would be hers alone.

The SCA held that ownership is a question of law, not a factual dispute to be resolved by choosing between different versions of a story. The Court found that the ex-wife remained the sole owner, and its reasons for doing so provide a clear checklist of principles that every buyer, seller, and property owner should keep in mind.

What the ex-husband got wrong, and how to get it right

Let’s discuss the legal principles that sank the ex-husband’s case:

• Don’t rely on a verbal agreement: Although our law makes most verbal contracts binding, there are exceptions. One is that any agreement to sell, exchange, donate, or transfer land (or a right to claim transfer) must be in writing and signed to be valid. That includes any “side deals” intended to vary the terms of the sale agreement. So, even if the Court had accepted the ex-husband’s version, a verbal promise to “give back” a half share would have been void and unenforceable.
• Make sure your sale agreement is crystal clear: The Court also found the alleged verbal agreement to be “fatally vague” – a poignant reminder to always record agreements with enough detail to avoid them being struck down as “void for vagueness”.
• A non-variation clause is essential: Contracts should state that they may not be changed unless the variation is in writing and signed. This is a great way to protect against uncertainty and dispute. The Deed of Sale here contained such a clause, which made the husband’s purported verbal amendment ineffective. There’s a lesson for us all here: never accept verbal assurances or promises from the other party, always insist on them being properly incorporated into the sale agreement in writing.
• The value of a “whole agreement” clause: This clause confirms that the written contract reflects the entire agreement. With it in place, no outside evidence can contradict or add to the document – yet another reason the ex-husband found no joy at the SCA. Make sure that your written sale agreement is comprehensive, with nothing important omitted!
• On transfer, “intention to pass ownership” is binding and motivation is irrelevant: The couple in this case transferred ownership intentionally and deliberately, and their personal motives for doing so were irrelevant. Equally irrelevant was the fact that the wife never actually paid the husband the purchase price – all that counted was the intentional transfer of ownership.

Complying with all legal formalities is important whether you are a buyer, a seller or an owner. As always, sign nothing without our advice!

Disclaimer: The information provided herein should not be used or relied on as professional advice. No liability can be accepted for any errors or omissions nor for any loss or damage arising from reliance upon any information herein. Always contact us for specific and detailed advice.

© LawDotNews

“Landlords grow rich in their sleep.” (John Stuart Mill, economist)

If you are thinking of buying (or already own) a house or apartment in a residential complex with the idea of renting it out as an Airbnb (whether permanently or on an “I can make a fortune this Christmas” basis), tread carefully.

A recent High Court decision has signalled confirmation that your body corporate or homeowners’ association (HOA) can, within limits, regulate your right to do so.

Residents vs. Renters

The setting for this dispute is a large residential scheme in the Silver Lakes area of Pretoria, envisioned by its developers as “a family orientated lifestyle estate where families enjoy the various amenities which include the outdoors, beach and water activities in a safe and secure environment.”

However, many of the owners don’t reside in the complex permanently but rather let their units out on a short-term letting (“STL”) basis as holiday accommodation, usually for one to three days at a time.

That, says the Homeowners’ Association (HOA), has become a major problem for residents, because holidaymakers renting the units don’t always adhere to the rules and family ethos which it tries to maintain and preserve. The short-term tenants are, it says, there only to party and have a good time, which predictably has led to endless complaints from residents relating to noise, overcrowding, traffic congestion, raucous behaviour, security risks and so on.

As its original conduct rules proved inadequate in addressing these concerns, the HOA adopted new, stricter short-term letting rules. Among other restrictions, owners were now prohibited from letting out their units for periods shorter than three months without the HOA’s prior consent. Contraventions of this rule attracted a penalty of 90% of the monthly levy.

These rules were originally approved by the Community Schemes Ombud Service (CSOS) but were later challenged by a group of owners who wanted to keep the short-term-letting party going. The CSOS adjudicator set the rules aside as invalid and unreasonable, characterising the estate as “a leisure holiday resort lifestyle estate in which the presence of non-permanent residence is the norm”.

The HOA appealed this order to the High Court, which has issued an interim order suspending the part of the CSOS order setting aside the rules. Effectively, the Court has allowed the stricter rules to remain in force until the appeal is finalised.

What this means in practice for HOAs, bodies corporate, and unit owners

The Court’s order is only an interim one pending the final outcome of the appeal – but the fact that it didn’t set aside the rules at this stage does suggest at least a provisional confirmation of the right of HOAs and bodies corporate to regulate short-term letting in this way.

We’ll have to wait for the final outcome of the appeal for more clarity, and it is likely that every case will be decided on its own facts and merits. But our courts have previously upheld similar conduct rules and it seems logical that they will continue to do so in appropriate cases.

Here are some thoughts on how you should address this thorny issue in the meantime. To be on the safe side:

• Short-term landlords: The fact that the Court allowed the HOA’s stricter STL rules to remain in place for now is a clear signal to tread carefully before letting out your unit on a short-term basis. At the very least, check your complex’s conduct and letting rules and remember that even if STL is not specifically restricted or prohibited, you remain responsible for any breach of the rules by your guests – so make sure your letting agreement obliges them to obey all conduct and other rules. Last but not least, check whether your local authority’s zoning or other regulations restrict your rights in this regard.
• HOAs and bodies corporate: On the general principle that you have both the power and the duty to consider the rights of all owners, think of addressing the risks created by constant guest turnover by adopting or tightening rules to regulate or prohibit short-term stays. The term “short-term rental” is not formally defined anywhere, but existing case law relates mostly to conduct rules prohibiting letting for less than three or six months at a time. Make sure rules are properly adopted (via special resolution if required) and that they are defensible as valid and reasonable. I.e. they should balance the competing rights of landlords and permanent residents to use and enjoy their properties as they please. If you have to enforce the rules, do so fairly and reasonably.

This ruling isn’t the last word, but it’s a strong signal

The High Court’s ruling is interim, with the final outcome of the HOA’s appeal still to come. But it does signal a strong likelihood that our courts will continue to uphold restrictions on STL that are fair, reasonable, and correctly instituted and enforced. Regardless, transparency and communication will always help to avoid dispute and conflict.

Could this dispute have gone direct to the High Court?

A recent Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) ruling has confirmed that, despite previous court rulings suggesting that community scheme disputes must always be referred firstly to the CSOS in the absence of “exceptional circumstances”, you do in fact have a choice – either the CSOS or the High Court can hear your matter direct.

Going direct to court would certainly save you from having to fight your way through two sets of proceedings (as the parties in this case have had to do, with no final resolution yet in sight) but be careful. Not only is the CSOS’s dispute resolution service likely to be a lot quicker, more affordable, and less formal than going to court, if a court feels that you weren’t justified in approaching it direct, it could well punish you with some form of punitive costs order. Choose wisely!

Bottom line: there are plenty of grey areas and difficult decisions here, so don’t hesitate to ask us for advice specific to your situation.

Disclaimer: The information provided herein should not be used or relied on as professional advice. No liability can be accepted for any errors or omissions nor for any loss or damage arising from reliance upon any information herein. Always contact us for specific and detailed advice.

© LawDotNews

“In the summertime, when the weather is high, you can stretch right up and touch the sky.” (Mungo Jerry)

Summer’s here with its blue skies, happy holidaymakers from around the country and the world, and, as always, an upsurge in demand for houses. If you’re going to capitalise on this seasonal upswing, start planning your sales strategy now with our simple, practical Seller’s Checklist below.

Follow these 10 steps for a successful sale:

1. Ask yourself “What’s my goal and how will I get there?”  

The first step is to outline your strategy, starting with your end goal. Of course, all sellers want to get the best price and to get paid out as quickly as possible, but brainstorm the specifics. What price do you actually want to achieve? Define your perfect buyers (a critical and much-overlooked step) and think about how you’ll find them. Which estate agent should you employ? And so on…

It pays to bring us in from the start. Not only can we help you find the right agent for the job, but we’ll also tell you what prices are being achieved in your area and share our thoughts on how to avoid the over-pricing trap – a common mistake which can taint a property for months, or even years.

We’ll also outline the whole sales and transfer process for you from a legal perspective, highlighting both the potential pitfalls to watch out for, and the many ways in which you can help make the whole process as smooth, quick and hassle-free as possible.

2. Give notice to your bondholder

If you have a home loan, remember that some banks will charge an early settlement penalty unless you give them 90 days’ written notice.

3. Prepare a cashflow projection

Get your finances ready to cover all your selling costs, including:

• Compliance certificates and any repair work needed to get them issued.
• Bond cancellation fees (if you have a home loan).
• Final municipal accounts (rates, refuse, sewerage, and water) and, if your property is in a sectional title scheme or Homeowners Association complex, outstanding levies.
• CGT: Plan for possible Capital Gains Tax on your profit (subject of course to exemption thresholds).
• Estate agent’s commission is normally paid out by the conveyancer on transfer – but don’t lose sight of it when you’re dreaming about how to spend the proceeds!

4. Spruce up your property

Pretend you’re a house hunter seeing your property for the first time:

• What’s its “kerb appeal”? How about its “front door appeal”? First impressions can make or break a sale, so ask yourself “what will potential buyers see when they first drive up to my property, park, and walk through the garden into my house?” Imagine being greeted by a neat, tidy, colourful garden with a sparkling pool, bright and airy rooms with homely wafts of fresh air and brewing coffee – get this bit right and you could seal the deal in the first few minutes of a viewing.
• Declutter and tidy up, both inside and out, particularly on viewing and show days – the hassle is well worth it.
• To give your property that all-important feeling of being well maintained, find and fix small issues like leaky taps, peeling paint, dark musty corners, scruffy gardens, murky swimming pools and the like. Deep clean if there’s any risk of doggy smells or stained carpeting spoiling that positive first impression.
• And last but not least, we come to a deal breaker of note. Many a sale has been lost purely because of old, unwelcoming bathrooms or kitchens. Spruce them up now: repaint, retile or renovate completely, if necessary.

5. Start getting your paperwork together

To speed up the transfer process when you do sell, and in case potential buyers ask to see them before offering, make a start now on putting these basics together:

• Your original title deed (or a copy from your bank if the original is held as security for a bond). If the original has been lost, we’ll be able to get an early start on obtaining a replacement for you.
• Your ID (and your spouse’s, if you own the property jointly or are married in community of property).
• Approved building plans and any compliance certificates you already have.
• A recent municipal rates account showing you’re up to date.

6. Make sure your property is compliant

Find out what compliance certificates you will need early so you have time to fix any issues:

• Electrical compliance certificate.
• Plumbing/water installation compliance certificate (required in Cape Town – check whether your local authority has any similar provision).
• Gas compliance certificate if you have a gas installation.
• Electric fence certificate (if applicable).
• Beetle clearance certificate where needed.

7. Complete the disclosure form

You’ll need to sign a mandatory disclosure form in which you must list all defects or issues you know about, such as damp, leaks, structural issues, boundary disputes, unapproved alterations and the like.

8. Don’t sign blind

Most importantly, when you do get an acceptable offer, don’t sign anything until we’ve checked it all out for you. The terms and conditions in the sale agreement (often titled “offer to purchase”) become binding as soon as you sign. There’s no going back and many a seller has regretted “signing blind”. Even “standard” clauses may come back to bite you because every sale’s different, and every seller has their own areas of risk.

9. Nominate the conveyancer

It’s your right as seller to choose the conveyancer, so don’t let anyone convince you otherwise.

10. Communication is key!

Remain in constant touch with your agent, with us, and with the buyer. Quick responses to requests for documents or signatures can save days or even weeks in the transfer timeline.

In closing…

Selling a property doesn’t have to be stressful. Work through this checklist step by step and keep us constantly in the loop to avoid delays, disputes, and unwelcome surprises.

Disclaimer: The information provided herein should not be used or relied on as professional advice. No liability can be accepted for any errors or omissions nor for any loss or damage arising from reliance upon any information herein. Always contact us for specific and detailed advice.

© LawDotNews

“Don’t wait to buy real estate. Buy real estate and wait.” (Will Rogers)

Spring is in the air and, as the annual uptick in property sales kicks in, let’s address two questions commonly asked by both sellers and buyers who are unsure about exactly what happens after they sign their sale agreement:

1. How does the transfer process work?
2. How long does it take before the seller gets paid and the buyer becomes the new registered owner?

Let’s begin with this simplified “in a nutshell” flowchart of the transfer process:

How long does it all take?

How long is a piece of string? If everything goes swimmingly and the bureaucratic stars truly align in your favour, the total timeframe from signing the sale agreement to popping the champagne could be as little as eight weeks. On average, however, it’s safer to work on no less than ten to 12 weeks, and possibly a lot more. 

What could delay things? This is a complicated process involving a disparate array of role-players and a host of opportunities for unforeseen delay. Some of the more common sources of delay (and frustration!) centre on bond approval, bank processes, SARS and municipal delays, clearance certificates and repairs, lost title deeds, intervening public holidays, and Deeds Office backlogs. But the list really is endless. 

Bottom line: you need professionals in your corner to protect your interests and to move the process along as quickly as possible. We’re here to help!

Disclaimer: The information provided herein should not be used or relied on as professional advice. No liability can be accepted for any errors or omissions nor for any loss or damage arising from reliance upon any information herein. Always contact us for specific and detailed advice.

© LawDotNews

“You aren’t buying a house, you’re buying a lifestyle.” (Anon)

As more and more residential properties are subdivided and developed, an increasing number of homes are effectively cut off from direct access to the nearest public street or road.

That’s where the “panhandle” comes into play, a narrow strip of land (looking on diagrams very much like the handle of a pan, hence the name) which gives the needed street access to the “landlocked” property. The panhandle can be owned by the property using it as an access road, or it can be a right of way in favour of the property over neighbouring land.

A recent High Court run-in between two neighbours over a panhandle right of way highlights the mistakes made by the various parties involved, and so provides a neat “must do” checklist for everyone in such a situation – buyers, sellers and neighbours alike.

“Wait, what right of way?”

You can imagine the reaction of a property buyer when he was told, only after taking transfer, that his nice little plot was lumped with a registered servitude. Not only did he have the neighbour freely crossing his land at will via a four-metre wide panhandle road, but he also found himself blocked from part of his own land by the neighbour’s gate.

Luckily for the buyer, the servitude turned out to be a temporary one. The wording stated clearly that it was to provide a right of way only until alternate access became available to the neighbour. And a consolidation of neighbouring properties (involving the creation of eight mini subdivisions for a property development) had indeed opened up such an alternative access route.

The buyer accordingly asked the High Court to declare the servitude lapsed, and to order that all “barriers and obstructions” to the panhandle be removed. His neighbour fought back, arguing amongst other things that he had paid R35,000 to the original owner of the buyer’s property as part of a verbal agreement to increase the panhandle’s width from four to six metres.

The neighbour’s problem here is that a servitude has to be in writing, so his verbal agreement with the original owner for a six-metre servitude was unenforceable – certainly against this buyer who had never agreed to it. For a servitude to bind a subsequent buyer of the property, it needs to be registered against the title deed.

The Court accordingly held that the registered four-metre servitude had lapsed and that the supposed six-metre servitude agreement was unenforceable against the buyer. End result, the neighbour loses his right of way and must remove all “obstructions” (the gate, presumably) on it.

Buyers, sellers and neighbours: Mistakes to avoid

Buyers: Don’t only wake up after transfer to the fact that your new property is subject to a right of way or other right of access – it could do serious harm both to your property value and to your enjoyment of it. Check the title deed before making an offer. As we shall see below, relying on the seller to disclose a servitude during the sales process can be wishful thinking…

Sellers: The seller in this case didn’t disclose the servitude, as he was obliged to, in the mandatory disclosure form – the form that every property seller must sign and provide to the buyer. In it a seller must disclose not only any known property defects, but also things like encumbrances, zoning and title deed restrictions, unapproved alterations or additions, and so on. Presumably the seller’s omission in this case was just an oversight, but he could still easily have been sued by the buyer. It’s vital that you always complete that form fully and accurately.

Neighbours: As the neighbour in this case found out to his cost, if you are reliant on a right of way, make sure it’s granted in a written and registered servitude. He might perhaps have been able to enforce his verbal agreement against the original owner, but it was worthless against a subsequent buyer who knew nothing of the agreement.

Disclaimer: The information provided herein should not be used or relied on as professional advice. No liability can be accepted for any errors or omissions nor for any loss or damage arising from reliance upon any information herein. Always contact us for specific and detailed advice.

© LawDotNews

“Time shall unfold what plighted cunning hides.” (William Shakespeare, in King Lear)

A recent High Court judgment confirms, yet again, that if a property seller knows about a hidden defect and keeps it quiet, no exemption clause will save them.

A loud roar, rolling flames, and a dream home turns to ashes

A family thought they were moving into a solid, well-built family home (a dual-level freestanding residential townhouse). They had no idea a hidden hazard was buried in the walls above their fireplace.

They found out on a cold and rainy Free State night when they lit a winter fire, as they had done many times before. This time they were in for a shock. All went well until, watching television some hours later, they heard a loud crack like a gunshot…

When the man of the house looked up the staircase, he noticed a glow. He found that the top floor spare room was on fire, with the curtains and bed already alight. A loud roar and flames rolling under the cornice caused him to retreat. He shouted to his wife to gather their pets and call for help, and they escaped outside to await the arrival of the fire department. 

The family got out unscathed. But the extensive damage caused by the fire and the collapse of the roof rendered the unit uninhabitable.

The hidden fire hazard

Unbeknownst to the buyers, during construction, a roof truss beam had been built through the chimney brickwork. Building regulations read with the applicable code of practice forbid this, because any timber near a flue is a fire waiting to happen: “Combustible material such as a timber floor joist, trimmer or roof truss shall not be built within 200mm of the inside of a chimney; and … No flue pipe shall be designed and installed in such a manner that it will cause a fire hazard to any adjacent material.”

Faced with a devastated home and huge repair costs, the buyers took the developers, who had both built and sold the house, to the High Court, where a forensic fire expert explained that the origin of the fire could be traced to the beam in question. Over time, repeated heat exposure had dried out and charred the timber. On the fateful evening, it finally caught alight, and the fire spread to the polystyrene ceiling cornices, which melted and dropped flaming debris onto bedding in the upstairs room directly above the fireplace.

Voetstoots? Forget it!   

The developers argued they weren’t liable because the sale agreement contained a standard exemption (“voetstoots”) clause and could not therefore be held to account for a hidden defect such as this one.

In short, the developer’s position was: “You bought the house as it stood, defects and all, whether you could see them or not.” They also pointed out that the buyers had signed an acknowledgement that they’d inspected the house.

But the Court was clear: “It is the duty of the seller to deliver the thing sold to the buyer without any defects.” Voetstoots clauses don’t give a seller free rein to hide behind the contract if there’s fraud or dishonesty:

• The defect was “latent”, in that it was hidden inside the chimney and could not have been discovered by a normal inspection.
• The developer, as the builder, must have known of the latent defect, and whilst “fraud will not lightly be inferred, the fact that the chimney was not represented on the approved building plans occasions the reasonable inference that it fraudulently concealed the defect.”

Bottom line? By failing to disclose a defect that was dangerous and unlawful, the developer crossed the line from simple non-disclosure to fraudulent concealment. 

Here’s how to avoid disaster and dispute

• Sellers: Check carefully for any possible defects and make honest disclosure part of your sale process, particularly when completing the “mandatory disclosure form” that must be attached to the sale agreement. And don’t rely blindly on a standard exemption clause – it’s no guarantee of protection if a hidden defect comes back to haunt you.
• Buyers: Always ask questions. Look at approved building plans, think of commissioning an independent home inspection, and don’t be shy to raise any concerns. If you suspect fraud after buying, don’t wait – get legal advice fast.

The bottom line

Hidden defects don’t stay hidden forever, no matter how cleverly concealed. Sooner or later, as Shakespeare put it, “time shall unfold what plighted cunning hides.” 

If you find yourself facing the fallout of a seller’s dishonesty, we’ll help you protect your rights and recover what you’ve lost.

Disclaimer: The information provided herein should not be used or relied on as professional advice. No liability can be accepted for any errors or omissions nor for any loss or damage arising from reliance upon any information herein. Always contact us for specific and detailed advice.

© LawDotNews

“I love deadlines. I love the whooshing noise they make as they go by.” (Douglas Adams in The Salmon of Doubt)

Contracts often contain suspensive conditions, a common example being the bond clause in a property sale agreement. The standard bond clause provides that the buyer must obtain a bond by a set deadline, and everyone’s rights and obligations under the agreement are suspended until the bond is granted. If the bond isn’t granted by the deadline, there is no sale.

In practice, the buyer often struggles to meet the set deadline and asks for an extension. If that happens to you, be sure to structure the extension correctly and to get it done and dusted before the deadline expires. 

Parties often think “oops, we both missed the deadline, but no worries, we want the sale to succeed so all we need do is agree to revive the agreement.” But that’s a fatal mistake, because if a suspensive condition fails, the contract dies and all your attempts to bring it back to life – usually by way of an addendum or an extension of the time limit – are doomed to fail. You will need a brand new contract if both of you still want to proceed. 

Let’s illustrate this point with a Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) decision in which the parties attempted to “revive” their agreement after the bond clause had already failed.

A deadline passes and a R5m house sale dies 

In February 2020 (i.e. shortly before the economic shock of the pandemic), the buyers of a R5.15m house paid the agreed deposit on time but couldn’t raise the required bond of R4.95m before the deadline set out in the bond clause. A first addendum to the sale gave them another few days, and that addendum was valid because both parties signed it before the deadline expired.

But then the parties made a fatal mistake. Only after the extended deadline had whooshed merrily past did they sign a second addendum, agreeing to extend the date again and thus, they both believed, saving the sale. 

The buyers now did more than just get a bond – they paid R1.95m in cash and provided bank guarantees for the rest. And they did all that before the second deadline expired, so all seemed well with the sale. Until Covid struck. That left the buyers with financial problems, so they tried to exit the sale and get their money back. “No deal,” said the seller, “the agreement is still valid and enforceable, you have to take transfer.” 

Off to court went the buyers, eventually ending up in the SCA, which held the sale to be void and ordered the seller to refund them their R1.95m. The Court couldn’t have been clearer in ruling that when a suspensive condition (like a bond clause) isn’t fulfilled, the whole contract becomes unenforceable. This despite the fact that both buyer and seller clearly intended to proceed with the sale and thought they were validly reviving it with their second addendum. 

Our law is clear – when a sale agreement has already lapsed, there is nothing you can do to revive it. Only a new agreement could have saved the sale, and the Court, on the facts, rejected the seller’s attempts to convince it that the second addendum was actually a new agreement. It was, said the Court, just an invalid attempt to revive a dead contract. 

Here’s what to do to keep that sale alive and well

Every situation will be unique, but at the very least follow these three principles.

1. Failed suspensive conditions (in particular bond clauses) are notorious sources of dispute when property sellers and buyers come to blows. Make sure yours is clearly worded and reflects exactly what you have agreed to. A professionally drawn sale agreement tailored to your needs really is a no-brainer here.
2. Keep an eye on those deadlines! If you need to extend one, do so before it expires with a full, clear and signed addendum.
3. If you happen to miss the boat there, a whole new agreement is essential. It may well incorporate the same terms and conditions as the original (updated where applicable of course) but nothing less than a brand new deed of sale will pass muster.  

As always, sign nothing until we’ve checked it for you!

Disclaimer: The information provided herein should not be used or relied on as professional advice. No liability can be accepted for any errors or omissions nor for any loss or damage arising from reliance upon any information herein. Always contact us for specific and detailed advice.

© LawDotNews